Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal conditions in people who menstruate, affecting roughly 1 in 10. It’s a spectrum: some people have mild, occasional symptoms, while others struggle with irregular periods, acne, excess hair, weight changes, or fertility challenges.
Common PCOS symptoms
- Irregular, infrequent, or absent periods
- Acne and oily skin, often along the jaw and chin
- Excess hair growth (hirsutism) on the face or body, or scalp hair thinning
- Weight gain or difficulty losing weight, often linked to insulin resistance
- Difficulty conceiving
How PCOS is diagnosed
PCOS is usually diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria — at least two of: irregular or absent ovulation, signs of high androgens (clinically or on blood tests), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Other conditions are ruled out first, so diagnosis should be made by a clinician, not self-assessed.
Diet, lifestyle and treatment
There’s no single cure, but symptoms are very manageable. Because insulin resistance is central for many people, a lower-glycaemic, protein-and-fibre-forward eating pattern, regular movement, and sleep often improve cycles, skin, and energy. Medical options include hormonal birth control to regulate cycles, anti-androgens for skin and hair, and medications like metformin or inositol for insulin resistance.
For the skin side of PCOS, our guide to hormonal acne and the free ingredient checker can help you choose products. If you’re trying to conceive, see the fertility pillar and consider a PCOS-aware provider.